Turkey has a woman issue since years and
this issue has been examined by many feminists. Despite the fact that now we
are in the 21th century, In Turkey and many other countries, because of the
patriarchal - based society, women issues have been continue. Different
missions were installed in two different sexes, over times 'gender' norm has been
occured. 'Gender' describes masculine and feminine that refers to
characteristics that a society describes as masculine or feminine. In Turkey,
based on the norm of 'genders', virgin taboo has been installed to women. One
of the most pressure the woman face with is virginity issue. Even educated middle
class Turkish women are still face with this issue.
There are many middle class women against
patriarchal society. However, they internalized the gender roles. The pressure
of patriarchal society over Today' s women results in identity conflict. Women
notice this over time, because, this pressure has been internalized. In thesis,
It will be mentioned about the places of women in Turkish Society. After that,
it will be mentioned about identitiy problem and internalization of identitiy
problem in educated middle class women in Turkey. Than, it will be mentioned
about the pressure of patriarchal society in terms of sexuality in Turkey.
Keywords: middle class women,
patriarchal, virginity
1. INTRODUCTION
As it is mentioned in the book, named The Forbidden Modern written by Nilufer
Gole (1993), In Tanzimat Period, we
see that 'westernization' has begun to take shape as the 'civilization' project
and this is the transformation of the traditional social organization and
lifestyle. (Gole, 1993, p. 57) This project began at tanzimat period and has
still continue as an serious issue; today, society has remained between traditional
and modernity and this intermittency creates an incontrovertible problem
among women. In Turkey, where is still not fully westernized, in the 21st
Century, women' s privacy that comes from eastern Islam, has still been continue
despite of the part of Turkey' s western civilization. I will try to analyze
the the reasons of women' s privacy and women' s place in that two different
community designs.
In my thesis, firstly,
I will focus on middle class women' s places in turkish society. In spite of
the fact that there is a patriarchal society and basically women feel this in
different levels, this pressure level changes from educated woman to
uneducated, modest, woman. Mostly, I' am going to talk about the place of
middle class women in that patriarchal Turkish society and how much this
society effects middle class women.
Secondly, I will mention about the
identity problem that occurs in educated middle class women because of the
patriarchal society. 'Turkey is said to be the only modern, democratic, Islamic
country, which makes it somewhat an anomaly among the Islamic world, and the
status of Turkish women visibly marks this difference.' (Muftuler, 1999, p.303)
I will focus on internalization of
this problem and the reasons of the internalization.
Patriarchal society' s effect on middle
class women, living in Turkey, will be discussed in terms of daily life and sexuality
towards the end of the thesis.
As mentioned in the Forbidden Modern, History of Turkish thought is the mirror of the
discussion between Islamists and Westerners and their two different community
designs. (Gole, 1991, p.46) When the modest women are generally in the rural,
east side of turkey, upper and middle class women are generally live in urban,
west side of Turkey. 'The West of Turkey consumes most of the private and
public sector resources and is also highly urbanised, while most of the
population in the East lives in rural areas.' (Ilkkaracan, 1998, pp. 66-75) Proportionally,
there are more educated people at the urban side of Turkey. 'When Islamic women
are usually from rural area and lower middle-class women, women, realizing
feminist movements, are from urban area and equipped with middle-high class
bourgeois culture.' (Kacmazoglu, 1995, pp.78-79) Generally, if we look at to
Turkish society, we encounter with patriarchal society. Even if the women' s
attitude change according to their social status, it can' t be said that
educated middle class women have totally overcome from the pressure of
patriarchal society. Because of the Turkish feminist movements, women' s role
in Turkish society has improved. However, it can' t be said that mentality in
Turkish society has totally changed.
After declaration of
Republic, the concept of Westernization began to become widespread like in all
Islamic Countries. This issue is mentioned in the book named The Museum of innocence written by Orhan
Pamuk (2013); In the sentence, started with ''The western-oriented wealthy
families' s elite European looking daughters began to break the taboo of "virginity"
for the first time in those years, and began to sleep with their lovers before
marriage''. (Pamuk, 2013, 18). In Turkey, general social ethics have formed
with the combination of two different community designs (Islamists and
Westerners). Both of community designs are under the effect of patriarchal
society. Social ethics have formed depend on the patriarchal society. Covering
or Islamism, as it can be seen in The
Forbidden Modern 'shows women as the sign of chastity and morality.' (Gole,
1991, p.11) Westernized middle class women are not covering but have still
pressure about costume. So, it can be concluded that pressure of patriarchal
society over woman effect all women from different areas.
'Thirty-one interviews
were conducted with women involved in women' s movements in İstanbul and Ankara
(Turkey) in 2010. The data analysis suggests that the sexual morality that aims
at hiding the female sexual body through dress contrains the mobility and
freedom of women in public spaces in Turkey.' (Ozcetin, 2005, p.iv.)
This year, In the 'GQ
Men of the Year 2017 Turkey Night', Turkish contemporary actress, Berrak
Tuzunatac, caused repercussions because of the NTV' s news. In twitter, the words
' Berrak Tüzünataç' ın davetkar stili' were used for making the news about Berrak
Tuzunatac' s dress. In Turkish society, 'Davetkar stili' refers to 'provocative'.
This statement is judgmental as if something was wrong. In addition, such
expressions, while manipulating the perception of the community, have a great
impact on the shaping of social cultures. (https://www.haberler.com/berrak-tuzunatac-kendisinden-ozur-dileyen-ntv-10581099-haberi/)
Men have always been
more dominant than women. In spite of the fact that many feminist movements
have been done in order to provide the equality between men and women, equality
has never been happened. 'Women As Other'
written by Beauvoir (1949) mentions about patriarchal society in detailed. She
analyzes the word of 'history' and this word is a kind of proof of the patriarchal
society that the word comes from the combination of 'his' and 'story'.
Today,
feminist theoreticians have started to examine the concept of 'gender' instead
of the concept of 'sex'. When 'sex' describes male and female that refers to
biological differences, 'gender' describes masculine and feminine that refers
to characteristics that a society describes as masculine or feminine. 'Basically,
the word ‘sex’ means the biological distinctions between females and males
whereas ‘gender’ denotes the distinctions between women and men as social
constructions.' (Korumaz, 2015, p.430) Serpil Sancal wrote about this in her
book named Masculinity: Impossible Power.
As Serpil Sancar mentioned in her book, Judith Butler, the pioneer name of
examining the concept of 'gender', says that ''gender' occurs in such a
rituals, reflexes, habitus universe that a number of compulsory / compulsive
inverted practices are memorized and repeated, since birth. According to Judith
Butler, 'gender' is the whole of social practices that are shaped by not individual'
s aims, dreams, things that individuals feel have to do, is shaped directly by
what individuals do.' (Sancar, 2008, pp. 182-183) According to her, there are
gender roles that have been given by society.'Initially gender roles were classifed
in accordance with masculine and feminine traits. “Masculine” traits indicate
that whether they were evaluated to be more suitable for men than women;
“feminine” traits were those that were evaluated to be more suitable for women
than men in the society.' (Imamoglu, 2015, p.83) 'Masculinity, which refers to
traits which are stereotypically attributed to men, is typified by the image of
a strong, technically competent, ambitious, self-sufficient and authoritative
leader who can maintain control of his emotions (Connell 1987; Hoftede, 2001).
Conversely, femininity, comprisingtraits which are stereotypically attributed
to women, is associated with empathy, sensitivity, loyalty, and a caring
disposition (Kolb, 1999; Heilman, 2012).' (Drydakis, Sidiropoulou, Patnaik,
Selmanovic, Bozani, 2017, pp. 2, 3)
In Turkey, the image
of the woman is being obedient to a man. This image has settled to Turkey' s
customs and traditions. 'In Turkish culture, marriage, childbearing and large
family size strengthens an individual’s ties to family, especially increasing
women’s dependence on men and others. Culturally both men and women generally
expect husbands to be dominant, especially with respect to matters involving
household interactions with the public; wives are expected to be obedient. ' (Imamoglu,
2015, p.84)
As Nilay Ulusoy
mentioned before; Hulya Avsar who is cheated by her husband, showed her sadness
and explained this situation as 'I' ve tried to satisfied my husband everytime,
however, I couldn' t be enough.' So, Hulya Avsar supported the idea of 'whatever
you do, you should please your husband' that is presented by media. (Ulusoy,
2013, p. 292) Hulya Avsar earns her own money and she is an independent woman.
However, she tried to satisfy her husband. 'The utmost duty for Turkish women
is to be good wives and mothers, basically because “the woman” is viewed as the
mechanism for protecting the cultural boundaries that set the community apart
from other societies.' (Bouhdiba, 1985; Moghadam, 1994). These all are the
remnants of past years' patriarchal roles, the gender roles that were given by
society.
Today, even if
educated middle class women aren't as much obedient to men as previous years,
they are still under the effect of the Turkey' s customs and traditions. 'Gutmann
(1994) theorized that during the labor-intensive childrearing years, most women
strongly adhere to traditional gender roles. But once intense pressures of
childrearing lessen, women can discover elements of their personalities
previously repressed or simply unknown because of prior socialization demands.'
(Imamoglu, 2015, p.82) This creates a dilemma about finding social gender roles
for women and creates an identity problem.
The existence of identity
problem in women is a process that exists for a long time. This problem mainly
comes from patriarchal society. In the book, The Museum of Innocence, Sibel who was well - educated in Europe,
is still disturbed with the idea of having sex before marriage. On the other
hand, she introduces herself as a brave because of having sex before marriage. (Pamuk,
2013, 18). Sibel' s conflict of identity can be seen. At the same time, this
situation shows the inequality between woman and man. People evaluate woman as
a 'female' not a 'person' and this is a sexist distinction. Women are being evaulated
with their gender roles in society. When men can have a sex whenever they want,
women are called as brave when they have sex. Because according to gender roles
it is not appropriate. Turkish families aren' t open to the idea of having sex
before marriage for women. Not only Sibel, but also Sibel' s friends are
well-educated people and some of them were educated in Europe. However, Sibel' s
and Kemal' s friends can show Sibel as a dishonorable woman if they don' t
marry. Because they live in the same home. (Pamuk, 2013, 195) On the contrary,
men are pushed to make more sex. Man who has a lot of sex thinks he looks very
strong, and the man is proud of with this. There is a word called 'milli'. This
word is used when a man has his first sex. Parents proud of that when their son
is 'milli'. Inequality between man and woman can be seen again.
At the past times and todays,
identity problem is not only seen among women, but also seen among men. Some
men like to have time with enjoyable educated middle class women, on the other
hand are disturbed by these women' s sexual freedom. In the book named the Museum of Innocence, it is explained
as; 'There is one more meaning of the sentence that I' ve told to Füsun. When I
explained the sex made between me and Sibel before marriage as love and trust,
I explained the sex made between me and Füsun as courage and modernity. Because
of the compliment I told to Füsun as 'courage and modernity' that I will be
regret for years, It can be concluded that I won' t feel any responsibility and
loyalty toward Fusun because of the sex we made. Because of being modern, it is
not a big deal to have sex before marriage or not being virgin before marriage.'
(Pamuk, 2013, 53) Füsun is such as European Woman that is dreamed by Turkish men,
she is like European legend woman who walks around Istanbul streets. Men like
brave and modern women, I mean European women but they don' t see them as ideal
marriage candidate. This creates fear and pressure on women despite their
modernity. Because Turkish women have been raised with the idea of being 'ideal
wife'. Women have never been brave as much as men. The reason is the pressure
of patriarchal society that has come from the past. This pressure can be seen
in terms of many different ways in daily life. When woman has a close eye
connection with man, first, woman turns her eyes away and woman is afraid of
being seen as simple woman by man. This is the internalization of pressure of
patriarchal society on women.
The density of gender
roles change depend on the education level of women. University graduated women
are less obedient to men than high school graduated women. University education leads to an
increase in the self-confidence of women, creates individuals who can stand on
their feet and win their own money. Many women tolerate their husbands'
unwanted behavior because of their dependent states. Education provides
independence to women. 'In Turkish society, being graduated from university is
an important occasion for women. While primary school provides basic academic
knowledge, university education enables individuals to be aware of their needs
and to develop selfactualization. Qualification by education may seem to foster
individualism and responsibilities. Owing to education, positive acceptance of
self and others may exist. Women with limited educational status seem to affect
perception of self and others negatively' (Gündüz-Hoşgör & Smith, 2007;
Çoban-İçağasıoğlu, 2009). 'In this case, these women are more affected by
cultural norms as being mutual and obedient, and others may be perceived as
powerful and untrustworthy.' (Imamoglu, 2015, p.90)
2.2. 21TH CENTURY, PRESSURE OF
PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY IN TERMS OF SEXUALITY IN TURKEY
As Serpil Sancar mentioned in her book, one
of the major reasons of male domination is industrial capitalist factory order.
This order positions the classes in terms of gender. Factory, needs muscular,
powerful men, puts women in the background and hires men. So, men have more economic
freedom than women and this gives to men the responsibility of feeding the home.
(Sancar, 2008, 53) 'In reality, Turkish legislation reflects conventional gender
ideology where gender roles are constructed around “male breadwinner-female
homemaker” roles.' (Duncan, 1996, p. 419). 'Women were portrayed in traditional
roles such as “wife”, “mother” and “housewife”. Being a good wife or a good
mother and housewife was prerequisite for women. Beside, men had an importance
of being a breadwinner for the economic well being of family' (Yesildag Sen,
2005, p.6)
Even if there are many educated women,
that women have encounter with discrimination in business life. In some
workplaces, it is hard to rise to executive level.
'Women’s status in Turkey is still a
complex issue. The law gives women equal pay for equal work, but gender
segregation is often the social norm in the workplace and in other public
spaces. Even urban, educated, professional women run up against traditional and
religious values with regard to gender roles. In the present workforce, the
number of female Turkish executives tends to decrease in the higher ranks
because of traditional social mores, marriage, or children.' (http://www.ataturksociety.org/the-contribution-of-turkish-women-to-the-modernization-of-turkey/)
This gender based regime creates sexual
class separation. While men gain economical freedom, women stay behind from
this freedom. Because, today, ranks of labor force of women are still very low
in Turkey. If Turkey' s labor force participation rate of women is evaluated, it
can be seen that Turkey' s rate is %16,8 lower than World' s rate. Women' s
labor force participation rate is %32 in Turkey. (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS)
In addtion to these, today, in spite of
the fact that some women have economic freedom like men, however, they still prefer the men with much more economic
freedom. Because women got used to their gender roles in society. Today, when
feminists study on gender discrimination, they start to use the word 'gender'
instead of 'sex'. Because there are gender roles that society creates on
people. According to this role, man should be stronger than woman in terms of
money and power; woman should be protected by man.
According to gender roles, there are
many more roles that women have to deal with. One of the gender role that was
given to women is to protect the hymen. When man makes sex freely, sex is a
taboo for woman for almost 30 years. There are many reasons of this taboo that
basically is based on patriarchal society. The notion of 'namus' is one of the
reasons; this word has been emerged by society and has placed in our mind for
years. 'Namus' means not having sex before marriage, and protecting hymen. ''Namus'
can be roughly translated to sexual purity. The most important aspect of sexual
purity for women is virginity and chastity.' (Muftuler, 1999, p.309) In Ayse
Kalav' s book, named Namus and Gender,
she says that 'The notion of namus finds its meaning and is revealed through
gender patterns which are constructed by patriarchal system. (Kalav, 2012,
p.154) According to Nukhet Sirman' s comment about gender roles, 'In Turkey,
dishonest woman is the woman who can not control her 'namus' '. (Kalav, 2012, p.155) Nukhet Sirman
refers to gender roles. She criticizes the gender roles that were created by
society.
In 2015, a murder case
took place. 20 years old Ozgecan Aslan was killed while she defending herself
from being raped. While so much rape cases are happening in Turkey, this case
was heard more than usual. According to the sociologist Nukhet Sirman, the
reason was that Ozgecan was coded as innocent. She is 'namuslu'. According to
Nukhet Sirman, the killer of Ozgecan is just one of the men that can be
encountered in daily and society produces those men. According to her, if Ozge
were married or were drinking alcohol, she wouldn' t be coded as innocent. She
does not recognize sex. According to Sirman, the killer is not psychopath or killer,
she claims that the killer is a man that can be encountered in daily. According
to her, killer' s father is not different from the other fathers living in
Turkey. Society produces these kind of men. (http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/toplum-bu-insanlari-uretiyor)
The notion of namus
can be seen in media, too. One of the major media elements that is shaped
according to Turkish traditions and now, is shaping the society, is the Turkish
Tv series. If we analysis the Turkish Tv Series named ''Black Pearl'' (2017-),
we encounter with ordinary Turkish tv series that consists in all of the
properties of Turkish Tv series. Hazal 'the leading actress' makes love with
Kenan, on the other hand, Vural is obsessed in Hazal and Vural organizes a big
lie to obtain her. Vural deceives Hazal as if they made sex, however it is not
true and Hazal doesn' t remember anything. Hazal turns this case to matter of
honor and she can' t explain this problem to her lover. She lose her virginity
and there is one thing left she could do to protect her honor; she marries with
the bad guy. (Black Pearl, 2017) It is a fact that these kind of scenarios feeds
from the society, at the same time, people, living in Turkey are being effected
by these scenarios and internalize these issues. There is a perception that
innocent woman is virgin woman. Hymen is one of the most important thing for
women' s honor in Turkey and in fact the scenario of 'Black Pearl' is shaped
around this taboo. 'In short, woman’ s value in the Turkish society is measured
through her sexual purity, which is controlled by customs, mores, norms, and laws.'
(Muftuler, 1999, p.311) The important point is that virgin woman is introduced
as 'good' and 'namuslu'. However, woman who makes sex, is introduced as 'bad' and
'namussuz' woman. Events take place outside the Hazal' s will. However, Hazal
feels guilty. These words; 'namuslu', 'namussuz', 'good' and 'bad' approve the
perceptions of society.
Orhan Pamuk inspired from his period' s
culture while he was writing his book, The
Museum of Innocence. In book; Feridun marries with Füsun. He has always
loved her. Füsun accepts to marry with Feridun. Because, if she weren' t marry
with him, she wouldn' t be accepted by another man. So, it can be mentioned
that woman who have already made sex, has a fear of not being accepted by man.
As it can be read from the book, 'Inspite of the all women rights and feminist
words, that were learned in Europe, Turkish Women are afraid of having sex life
before marriage.' (Pamuk, 2013, 18)
'In Turkish culture, control of women’s
sexuality is conducted both by externally
imposed restraints and by constituting
gender according to cultural code of honor and
shame. For example, a woman could bring
shame not only on her family, but also on a
network of people who feel connected to
her.' (Kukulu K., Gursoy E., Ak Sozer G., 2009, p.50)
If a woman can not control herself and loses her virginity, the man who believes
traditionally in the word 'honor' and made sex with this girl, should marry
with her to protect her honor. Inequality between man and woman can be seen
again. This injustice is not only for woman but also for man. Because it is an 'honor
problem' for man. Being virgin is a power for a woman. In order to have a good
marriage, virginity is one of the most important thing. Today, this issue can
still be seen at the some Eastern parts of the Turkey. However, it is not that
much influential among Today' s middle class women since, they educates
themselves and are growing up in a high self esteem. However, today, woman who
did not have a sexual contact with any male, still, has a great influence on
male. Because, internally, Turkish men love to 'own' women. Today, still, a man
would like to be the only person that made sex with the woman. The idea of
sharing woman with other men from past, is not preferable among them.
It can be said that
the ideal properties of women that was mentioned past years in the media
continue today. Turkan Soray was mentioned as 'Yesilcam' s virgin female' and continued
her reign almost 20 years. 'She is virgin, she is innocent, however her wet
spaced lips, her fleshy body are served to audiences as erotic items.' (Ulusoy,
2013, p. 286). Turkan Soray is one of the public figure that is taken an exemplary
by public.
According to gender
roles, middle class women hesitate to use sexually linked words in order not to
be understood as a 'bad woman' or an 'innocent woman'. Today, one of the most
known actresses, Berguzar Korel, shows gender role in her speech about the
girls being raped. She used the words 'special zone' instead of 'vagina'. (https://www.instagram.com/p/BfQ6-q5BTrS/?hl=tr&taken-by=berguzarkorels) There
could be two reasons of using 'special zone' instead of 'vagina'. It could be
related to the internalization of patriarchal issue or it could be for society
that is unprepared about hearing the word 'vagina'. Turkish middle class women
usually use the word 'special zone' instead of 'vagina'. Because, Turkish women
are afraid to say vagina. They are generally not comfortable while using this
word because of the pressure of patriarchal society.
If
we turn back to the 'honor' issue, it can be said that the word 'namus' has associated
with Turkey' s traditions, so it is clear that this word won' t disappear in
years. However, the concept of honor has changed with modernizm. According to
Gul Ozyegin, 'The new Turkish woman embodied the ideals of the West and
rejected an Ottoman past.' (Ozyegin, 2009, p.105) She made a survey and she
says 'both women and men view societal insistence on female virginity as a mark
of traditionalism. They strongly reject the idealization of female chastity and
the symbolic value of virginity, its equation with honor and female purity. The
intact hymen is not seen as the property of ‘others’; the family, parents, the
nation, culture. The representation of ‘technical virgins’, those who engage in
various sexual activities but avoid penile-vaginal intercourse, among the young
women I interviewed, as a large middle category, between virgins and non-virgins, highlights this tension.'
(Ozyegin, 2009, p.109) She said
that 'Among upwardly mobile, educated young Turks, a virgin is not an elite
woman anymore but then neither is a self-proclaimed non-virgin. It is between
this dichotomy, the virgin and the non-virgin, two undesirable states, that new
constructions of young elite (valued) woman are being built.' (Ozyegin, 2009,
p.113) This dichotomy creates ambivalences among women. Among today' s middle
class women, 'sex worry' occurs. Women would like to have sexual relationship
with their boyfriends, however, there are still some patriarchal society issues
that couldn' t have overcome.
Many
years ago, man didn' t prefer non-virgin woman, however, today, man accepts woman
who had sex with her long-term relationship. However, today, man still doesn't prefer woman who has sex with more than one man
and It is still hard to accept a woman who has one night stands. 'The importance
attained to virginity has not changed throughout years and it is a significant token
of how female body is socially and culturally trapped by patriarchal system.' (Korumaz,
2015, p.430) 'In
Turkey, sexuality has not been accepted as a natural, healthy and integral part
of human life yet. Premarital sex is still a taboo for many people because of
traditional value systems.' (Hatipoglu, 2006)
Females
are called with different titles according to their virginity. If the woman is
married, she is called as 'kadın'. Because married woman loses her virginity. However,
if the woman is unmarried, she is
called as 'kız'. 'The aim of the distinction between females such as 'kadın'
and 'kız' is to make sure that the
transition
from girlhood to womanhood occurs via the institution of marriage. The
hymen
represents the line that separates 'kız' from 'kadın' which are two different
social statuses.' (Korumaz, 2015, 431)
There
are sex related words that are being used for insulting woman. 'Kaşar' is one
of them. Middle class woman who has sex with multiple men, are attached with
many adjectives. One of these adjectives is 'kaşar'. When a man has many sexual
relationships, it is normal. However, when a woman has many sexual
relationships, it is abnormal. This
environmental effects lower woman'
s self esteem and affects her personality. Today, Even In Turkish Tv Series,
sexual discrimination can be seen openly and certain adjectives and characters
are assigned to 'good' women. In these kind of Tv Series, generally, good women are proud and virgin. They
are innocent and pure. Man protects woman with protective roles. Woman who is
not innocent, is a 'bad woman'. 'Bad woman' has usually bad end and will never
be happy. As it is in The Museum
of Innocence, Füsun, like all non-virgin girls who dies at the end of the movie
without having a happy family life, dies in the end of the book.
In
daily life, women encounter with many kind of pressure, unconsciously. 'Amına
koyim', 'Sikeyim' kind of swearings are a few examples of them. 'Amına koyim' and 'sikeyim' are refer to
'I will fuck you'. Today, among educated middle class people, sexist sentences like
'we can fuck this woman', 'this woman is a kind of woman that you can fuck easily.'
are still being said.
4. CONCLUSION
Today 'modern middle class Turkish women'
who have grown up in Turkey, encounter with serious identity problem. These
women postpone making sex and their virginity continues until middle ages. Generally
their excuse is to live the special moment with the right man. However, the main
reason is different; the fear of not being accepted from the man who is entered to their new life. In fact, young
women who are in this fear, loses a bit their fears after they gain
self-confident, after having profession. However, this fear still exists. The
reason of this fear is the gender roles given by society, the importance of
'virginity issue'.
The main aim of this thesis is to show Turkey'
s patriarchal society' s pressure over Today' s modern middle class women.
Internalization of patriarchal society' s pressure over today' s modern women
in terms of sex, is studied by evaluating eastern and western culture, society,
gender roles and Turkey' s political state.
I try to explore the reasons of
internalized conflict related to patriarchal society that is seen among young
women. When I try to explore, I study in understanding the place of women in Turkey
and then went into identity problem that exists among Today' s middle class
women. I start to deepen the issue by analyzing the internalization of the identity
problem. Finally, I finalize the thesis by examining the patriarchal society' s
pressure over women in daily life and sexually.
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